Posts Tagged ‘Health’

Blood Lipid Levels

Blood Lipid Levels

When children with diabetes receive adequate insulin therapy, their average levels of blood lipids are generally within the normal range for age (Sterky, Larsson, & Persson, 1963). Campaign et al. (1985) did a follow-up lipid profiles in 14 diabetic adolescents during the course of an exercise program of 12 weeks. Apparently, a significant decrease in the average level of LDL cholesterol was related to the training effect, as the VO2 max. increased, and other factors that affect blood lipids (eg., diet and weight) were not taxpayers. In this study, no changes in triglycerides, total cholesterol, or HDL cholesterol. Similarly, a group of older diabetics (mean 35 years), studied by Wallberg-Henriksson et al. (1982), no change in HDL cholesterol during a training period of 16 weeks, but plasma cholesterol decreased by 14%.

ACTIVE WOMEN

When the modern woman, well-informed and active reach menopause, their expectations for the future are quite different from those women of past generations. On the one hand, she knows she can have a third of his life still ahead, on the other, he hoped that those years are good years, a pleasant and productive period of his life. His optimism is well founded. Women who consistently take part in some form of physical activity can become physiologically 10 to 20 years younger than those sedentary women of the same chronological age. A Seattle woman for 74 years biked 500 km through China, or from Fairbanks to Anchorage, and also crossed, continentally across the United States. A California woman to scale the mountain 80 years Whitney (4200 m) every summer. Countless women, aged 50 and over, run 10 km races, marathons and supermaratones. They are exceptional women, or we who underestimated the capabilities of women in this age?.

As scientific data accumulate more clearly appears that many of the problems of aging are really problems of inactivity. “Hypokinesia” is the term used to describe the sedentary lifestyle that so often, is responsible for the decreased functional capacity of older people. Because working women are still a minority, there are many women who enter menopause and who have been sedentary most of her life. It’s too late for them to benefit from an exercise program? The answer, fortunately, is “no.”

ACTIVE WOMEN

What defines a woman active and how it differs physiologically from a sedentary? In terms of behavior, a woman is “active” if it meets the criteria recommended by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) (American College of Sport Medicine) for the development and maintenance of cardiorespiratory fitness (1). These criteria include participation, at least three times per week of aerobic activity to keep your heart rate to 60-90% of its maximum frequency for a period of 15-60 minutes. The activities, which should involve large muscle groups, are those that can be made continuous and rhythmically. While jogging may be the activity that draws more attention these days, a variety of other activities reach the criteria of the American College: brisk walking, swimming, cross country skiing, cycling, aerobic dancing, etc.

observed a reduction aerobic training

Similar results were observed by Rowland, Swadba, Biggs, Burke, and Reiter (1985) in 14 children between 9 and 14 years (the average duration of diabetes was 4.2 years). There were significant changes in HbA1c levels after aerobic exercise program, despite increases in VO2 max. The HbA1 before training was 9.9%, indicating a reasonably well-controlled group of subjects. During the program there were no significant changes in insulin doses (based on monitoring of insulin at home).

Baevre, Sovik, Wisner, and Heiervang (1985) found no changes in the HBAL, after 6 months of exercise (twice a week) on a small group of adolescents (16 years) with diabetes. Stratton, Wilson, Endres, and Goldstein (1987) evaluated the metabolic response of 8 adolescents with insulin-dependent, to a supervised exercise program. HBAL values ​​did not decrease, but there was a significant reduction in glycated albumin, considered by the authors as a more sensitive index of glycemic control.

The results of these types of studies are diverse in adults. Peterson, Jones, Esterly, Wantz, and Jackson (1980) observed a reduction in HBAL after aerobic training in 10 adult subjects with type I diabetes (mean age, 25 years). However, in this study the improvement in metabolic control could be a result of the concomitant introduction of blood glucose monitoring at home. Zinman, Zuniga-Guajardo, and Kelly (1984) found no change in HbA1c after 12 weeks of exercise bike in a group of 13 adults with insulin-dependent diabetes. Similarly, Wallberg-Henriksson et al. (1982) observed no changes in HbA1, urinary excretion of glucose in 24 hours or monitored urine tests at home, in 9 adults, after an exercise program of 16 weeks.

Both diabetic and nondiabetic individuals, there has been increased insulin sensitivity after physical training. However, this answer does not appear to alter insulin requirements or other markers of metabolic control (Baevre et al., 1985, Wallberg-Henriksson et al., 1982).

Improvements through the year

“Improvements through the year?

In 1980, Larsson suggested that “it is likely that exercise could delay the onset of diabetic microangiopathy, by increasing the size circulatory, improving blood flow and oxygen transport” (p. 122). Is there any evidence that this is true? Very few studies have examined this issue. Peterson et al. (1980) observed a decrease in membrane thickening in skeletal muscle in 6 of 10 adults with diabetes after a combined program of exercises of “endurance”, and blood glucose monitoring at home.

LaPorte et al. (1986) evaluated the association between physical activity and long-term microvascular complications, in 696 adults with type I diabetes Used as parameters of physical activity participation in sport in high school teams or college, they did not observe a correlation between regular exercise early and severe retinopathy, or blindness in later years (most lasting of diabetes over 20 years). However, the participation on sports teams was associated, negatively, macrovascular complications (heart attack, myocardial infarction, intermittent claudication), but only in male subjects.

Fibrinolytic activity

Triacylglycerols

Elevated levels of triglycerides, usually are not considered a major risk factor for coronary artery disease, but may play a significant role in the development of atherosclerosis in diabetic subjects. In a state of insulin deficiency increases plasma triglyceride levels, and that increased lipolysis stimulates hepatic triglyceride secretion. In one study, Larsson, Persson, and Sterky (1964) observed a significant decrease in triglycerides in six adolescents with diabetes, after 5 months of gym, 1 hour per week. The same effect was shown by Costill, Cleary, and Fink (1979) in adults with insulin-dependent diabetics. The levels of triglyceride and total cholesterol decreased 18% and 10% respectively during aerobic exercise program of 10 weeks duration.

Fibrinolytic activity

The deficiencies of fibrinolytic activity in serum may contribute to the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and its complications. This represents a potential risk for diabetic patients who are prone to high levels of fibrinogen and blood viscosity, and a depressed fibrinolytic activity (Jarrett, Keen, & Chakrabarti, 1982). It has been shown that in non-diabetic subjects, exercise training increases the fibrinolytic response and decreases blood viscosity by increasing plasma volume (Koch & Rocker, 1980, Williams et al., 1980). So far not have carried out similar studies in diabetic, but it has been suggested that regular exercise may reduce the adhesion of platelets in this group (Gonzalez, 1979).

physiological age

Chronological age and physiological age are not synonymous. In the years after menopause, a woman making daily decisions that affect their health and quality of life then and in future years. A decision is the choice between a sedentary lifestyle and an active. The woman who chooses to be settled has chosen a path, which itself is a risk factor for chronic diseases. In many ways, the effects of inactivity mimic the effects of aging, and vice versa. Physically active women may be physiologically ten or twenty years younger than a sedentary woman of the same age. The reason is simple: the physiological systems adapt to the demands placed on them.
Active women not only get an immediate physiological benefits, but is also ensuring good quality of life in the future. The best preventive medicine against some of the problems of aging can be “exercise prescription” for life. Fortunately, it is never too late to benefit from physical activity. Sedentary women who begin an exercise program improved functional capacity of the cardiovascular system will have greater strength and muscular endurance and increase flexibility. An “exercise prescription” individualized, conducted by a trained professional, will ensure that these benefits are obtained through a safe progression of activities.

Treatment of hyperactivity Part II

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